The concepts behind the organisational behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3639 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Organisations are multifaceted and human behaviour in an organisation is even more complex and unpredictable. Hence, Organisational behaviour is needed. Organisational behaviour is the study of human behaviour in the organisation and how knowledge about human behaviour is useful in improving an organisations effectiveness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The concepts behind the organisational behaviour:" essay for you Create order Its main purpose is to find out ways through which people can work more effectively. It deals in a methodical way to study and research in a theoretical development, getting information about different activities of other organisation. Organisational behaviour provides: Analysis of different levels in an organisation. Help in understanding the complexities involved in interpersonal relations of two or more people. View to look and manage the organisations as systems which have inter-organisational relationship. Holistic view of managements behavioural approach and not representing the whole management. A platform to coordinate between two different cultured groups. Organisational behaviour is the study of what people think, feel and do in and around organisation. Organisational behaviour researchers systematically study individual team, and organisational-level characteristics that pressure behaviour within work setting. Organisational behaviour is interdisciplinary field and its appearance can be traced back to Human Relations Movement stimulated by Hawthorne experiments during 1920s. The idea of scientific management, propounded by Frederick Winslow Taylor, had come up with fundamental principles of the subject based on Motion and Time Studies, which were introduced in industry in the United States on a large scale. The major contributions of the scientific management have been (i) standardization of work; (ii) equality in payments of wages, and (iii) precision in training.1 2. The challenging nature of Work Organisation: The effective management of people takes place in the context of wider environmental setting, including the changing patterns of organisations and attitudes to work. It is frequently documented that a global economy, increased business competitiveness, the move towards more customer driven market, advances in systematic knowledge, especially telecommunication and office automation, have led to a period of constant change and need for greater organisational flexibility. The power and influence of private and public organisations, the rapid spread of new technology, and the impact of various socio economic and political factors have attracted increasing attention to the concept of corporate social responsibilities and business ethics. Increasing attention is also being focused on the ethical behaviour which underlies the decisions and actions of managers and staff; and many responsible organisations and professional bodies now choose to publish a code of ethics. The changing na ture of organisations and individuals at work has placed increasing pressure on the awareness and importance of new psychological contracts. Forces of global competition and turbulent change make employment guarantees unfeasible and demand a new management philosophy based on trust and teamwork. People are seen as a responsibility and a resource to be added to. Employees need to abandon the stability of lifetime employment and embrace the contact of continuous learning and personal development. 3. The Nature of Organisational Behaviour System: Organisational behaviour is concerned with the study of the behaviour of people of people within an organisation setting. It involves the understanding, prediction and control of human behaviour. Common definitions of organisational behaviour are generally along the lines of: the study and understanding of individual and group behaviour, and patterns of structure in order to help improve organisational performance and effectiveness. There is a close relationship between organisational behaviour and management theory and practice. Organisational behaviour is of interdisciplinary nature which integrates the behaviour science with other social science. From the disciplines, it helps to improve the relationship between people and organisation. A lot of research work and conceptual framework is emerging to ascertain human behaviour. It has now become a separate field of study whose principles, concepts and processes are synthesized. It is mainly meant for solving the orga nisational problems which are only related to human behaviour. 4. Challenges and Opportunities: In recent year many challenges and opportunities are emerging in organisational behaviour which is: An employee is becoming older. Expectations of the employee are fast changing. Loyalty towards organisations has faded away. Competition is increasing day by day forcing the organisations to increase there productivity. Globalisation of business is forcing workers to change themselves to new cultures and environment. Thus, now a day organisational behaviour has taken a significant role in the organisation to face the new challenges taking place throughout the world. The following are some critical matters facing managers for which organisational behaviour provide solution. Diversity of Workforce- Through organisations are becoming cosmopolitan yet people work together but maintain there separate identities. Manager should learn to respect this diversity as it can help in creating innovation and decision making in the organisation due to different perspectives on various problems. Demographic of work force- Couples of pursuing professional career which is hindering organisational flexibility in getting and development talents. Young people with professional qualification are joining the organisation as they are more preferred. Young people are ambitious, enthusiastic and have desire for learning. Employees expectations are changing- Due to changes in the work force demographics employees attitude, aspirations and expectations have also changed. They do not care for job security, attractive wages, housing facilities and quality of working. Employees require empowerment and quality of status. Globalisation- The internationalization of the business world has made a great impact on the organisations. These days the managers must be more flexible and proactive as he has to deal with work force of other countries which have different needs and attitudes from there own country. Even in there own country they have to face different problems due to dealing with people having different culture and background. Thus the manager need to know and understand their different culture and then adopt a suitable method to get cooperation from them. 5. Organisational Behaviour Modification: Definition of organisational behaviour modification by Robbins is- Organisational behaviour modification is a programme where managers identify performance related employee behaviours and then implement an intervention strategy to strengthen desirable behaviours and weaken undesirable behaviours. Organisational behaviour modification meant for improving the organisational effectiveness. It is derived and developed from the concept of skinners operant conditioning. If refers to eliminate or modify the undesirable behaviour and change it with the more suitable behaviour for goal attainment. The manager should observe the overt behaviour of the person and then modify it accordingly. Steps in organisational behaviour modification: Identify complex behaviour- First identify the complex behaviour which is applicable to organisational performance of the employee. Complex or critical behaviours such as absenteeism, tardiness, complaints of not doing work etc; should be identified through the employee and his superior. Impact of the behaviour- Now it is necessary to measure the impact of such behaviour. If the impact is under tolerable limit then it requires no action otherwise it is necessary to change it. Analysis of the behaviour Now the analysis should be done which involve full examination of the behaviour of the employees. This refers why an organisational behaviour modification is used to change critical performance behaviour. Intervention An intervention strategy is required to deal with: the identified critical behaviour to change and the factors causing such behaviours Evaluation Finally it desire to evaluate the working of the intervention strategies and to see that they are changing the undesirable behaviours for improving the performance. The positive change means that the strategies are successful otherwise other appropriate strategies should be applied to get the desired result. 6. Motivation: The term motivation is derived from the Latin word moveve which means to move. Motivation is what drives a person into doing something. Much of what we do is driven by the thought of a potential reward, or a consequence can be obvious tangible benefits, such as financial reward; enjoyment; or the risk of these being taken away through loosing once job. There are also other benefits that are less obvious, but which still motivate people to do something such as an internal satisfaction; or feeling of achievement. Grazier provides a useful referencing indicating that the expectation of a benefit is a major reason that somebody would be motivated to do something. Each day brings with it an endless list of decisions to be made. The process of making those decisions is driven, in large part, by the hope of benefit of the fear of a consequence. The concept of motivation is related to, but distinct from other concepts, such as instincts, drives, and reflexes. Motivated behaviour is u sually goal-oriented; the goal may be associated with a drive such as hunger or thirst (called primary motivation). However motivation is also closely tied to sensory stimuli: an animal will not usually exhibit eating behaviour unless food is presented. Unlike instinctive behaviour, motivation depends on affect. Finally motivation can be learned (in which case it is called secondary motivation) and typically elicits more complex behaviours then simple reflexes. Motivation is: The force that compel people to move and instigate them to act. To create an urge or desire to do some better performance. To in calculate enthusiasm in them so that they can take initiative in doing the work. To generate the willingness to use there best effort in performing their work. Thus, motivation is to include an act to get the desired goal. It is a process that motivates the drives or aspirations to achieve some object. As a matter of fact performance depends upon motivation as it aff ects the productivity and quality of the work. Definitions of Motivation: 1. Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Scott 2. Motivation refers to the way in which urges, drives, desired, aspirations, strivings, needs direct control or explain the behaviour of human beings. Mac Farland 3. Motivation is a process that starts with physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activities behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentives. Fred Luthans Characteristics of Motivation: Motivation has very importance in each field of life. Here are some characteristics of motivation: Motivation requires some urges of desires which can be fundamental or for ego-satisfaction. Motivation is goal directed as it has to fulfil some need. Motivation starts by internal feeling of an individual. Motivation is the driving force to get satisfied for achieving some goals. Motivation is a continuous process as all the needs are not satisfied at a time. Motivation work in totality of a person. Motivation is the main factor in inspiring the employers. Importance of Motivation: Organisational efficiency of any organisation depends upon motivation. It is the most importance factor as it deals with the behaviour of the employees. Performance depends upon behaviour which is a mixture of ability and motivation. Thus, motivation is important as: It generates will to do the work. For example- a person has the capacity to do the work but if he is not willing to do it the capacity becomes useless. Resources in an organisation can be best utilized if the motivation is directed towards attaining the organisation goals. Motivational plans in an organisation reduces labour problem i.e., absenteeism or indiscipline etc. Through motivation the organisation can increase its production and productivity as the employees will employ full efforts to use correct methods, systems, or technology effectively. Motivation produces in workers to carry out the work allocated to them for achieving the goal set by organisation. Through motivation employees will u se fill knowledge and skills to complete the work satisfactorily so that the organisation can satisfy their personal and social needs. Thus, the motivation force is dynamic which must be satisfied by achieving the goal. Motivation requires effort which should persist and more through the direction of goal. Further, motivation is very important in an organisation to improve the behaviour of its employees towards their work and to direct them for achieving them target set by organisation. The efficiency of work is also enhanced if the people are well motivated. As without motivation the technology systems and methods all becomes ineffective. To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of an organisation it is necessary to improve the performance of its employees which can be determined by two factors: Level of Ability and Affect of Motivation These can be summarised as follows performance = Ability*Motivation Theories of Motivation: The nature of human beings is complex hence no generalization could be formed on motivation theories. Thus, the various theories of motivation are classified into main categories. These theories based on: Human needs theories by: Maslow Herzberg Mc Clelland Human nature theories by: Mc Gregor Quchi Argyris Expectancy of Human Beings theories by: Vroom Porter and Lawler Human Needs Theories Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory: It is based on human needs. The behaviour of a person at a particular time is usually depends upon his strong need. An individual first fulfils his basic needs and then seeks to satisfy other higher needs. Maslow believed that once a need is satisfied it no longer serves to further motivate him. He was of the opinion that needs have priority. As soon as lower level need is satisfied, other next higher level needs emerge. He arranged the basic human needs in a hierarchy as follows: Physiological needs Safety needs Social needs Esteem needs Self actualisation needs B. Human Nature Theories Mc Gregors Participation Theories: The managements dealing with his employees in the organisation depends upon certain assumption and generalizations towards the behaviour and nature of their employees. Mc Gregor has given two alternative views of human behaviour based on their participation as worker. They are: Theory X- Negative Theory Theory Y- Positive Theory Theory X- The following assumptions about human nature are negative in approach: People usually dislike and avoid work. Need to be directed and controlled. People are lazy and avoid responsibility. Avoid leadership and prefer to be lead. Lack of self motivation and ambition. Theory Y- The following assumptions about human nature are positive in approach: Have great potential for work. Can be motivated to achieve organisational goals. Self motivated and taken initiative. People want to learn and show responsibility. People want rewards, recognition and appreciation. C. Expectancy of Human Beings Theories Vrooms Theory of Expectancy: This theory was developed by Victor H. Vroom. It is a process theory which is concerned with topic How motivation Occurs? This theory deals with the variables of motivation and their inter relationship. According to it motivation is the: Sum of all values which lead to some action. Through it employee achieves some level of his job performance. His effort depends upon the outcome of his performance, i.e., the reward or value he obtains to satisfy his goals. It can be depicted as follows: Employee-Effort-Performance-Reward Thus, this theory suggests that the effort one places on a particular work to get the desired performance in getting the related value or reward. 7. How an organisation can benefit with motivation: First class card at Ritz Carlton Hotel, Champs cards at Yum Brands, telephone calls from the CEO of Keyspan, and various celebrations for good performances at Panafric Hotel are designed to maintain and improve employee motivation. Motivation refers to the forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behaviour.3 Motivated employees are willing to extent a particular level of effort for a certain amount of time to ward a particular goal. Motivation is one of the four essential drivers of individual behaviour and performance and, consequently, is an integral component of employee engagement. An engaged workforce is an important predictor of an organisations competitiveness, so its easy to see why employee motivation is continuously on the mind of corporate leaders. The quest for a motivated and engaged workforce has not been easy, however. Most employer-92 percent of them, according to one major survey- say that motivating employees has become more challenging. Three factors seem to be responsible for the increasing challenge. First, globalization, information technology, corporate restructuring, and other challenge have dramatically altered the employment relationship. These changes potentially undermine the levels of trust and commitment necessary to energize employees beyond minimum standard.4 Second, in decade past companies typically relied on armies of supervisors to closely monitor employee behaviours and performance. Even if commitment and trust were low, employees performed their jobs with the boss watching them closely. But most companies thinned their supervisory ranks when they flattened organisational structure to reduce cost. Supervisors now have many more employees, so they cant possibly keep a watchful eye out for laggards. The third challenge is that a new generation of employees has brought different expectations to the workplace. A few years ago various writers disparaged generation-X and generation-Y employees as slackers, cynics, whiners and malcontents. Now we know that the problem wasnt their lack of motivational potential; it was that employers didnt know how to motivate them. It seems that many companies still havent figured this out. According to one report more than 40 percent of employees aged 25 to 34 sometimes or frequently feel demotivated compared to 30 percent of 35 to 44 year olds and just 18 percent of 45 to 54 year olds.5 Hotels and other firms are returning to good old fashioned praise and recognition to motivate staff. Share options can evaporate and incentive plans might backfire, but a few words of appreciation almost always create a warm glow of satisfaction and renewed energy. The challenge of recognition is to catch employees doing extraordinary thins. Keyspan Corporation chairman Bob Catell resolves this by regularly asking managers for list of unsung heroes at the New England gas utility. He calls an employee every week, often spending th e first few minutes convincing the listener that the CEO really is calling. They start by saying, hey you cant fool me, this isnt Catell! But once they realize it is me, they are pleased that I would take the time to do this. Along with recognition from managers, approximately one third of large American firms rely on peer recognition as one way to motivate employees. Among them is Yum Brands Inc., the parent company of KFC, Taco bell, and Pizza Hut. Yums restaurants around the world use a recognition program in which employees reward colleagues with Champs cards, an acronym for KFCs values. The Ritz Carlton Hotel in Kuala Lumpur, which is rated as one of the best places to work in Asia, applies a similar peer recognition process using First Class cards. Nancy Teoh, Ritz Carlton Kuala Lumpurs human resource manager, explains that congratulatory message or words of appreciation are written down by any member of the team to another and even as far as from the hotel and corporate se nior leader. Teoh adds, This serves as a motivational aspect of the work environment.6 So motivation is very important for growth and better service in any industry. I am going to explain importance of motivation through these two case studies: Buddys Snack Company is a family owned company located in Rocky Mountains. Buddy forest started the business in 1951 by selling home made potato chips out of the back of his pickup truck. Now days Buddys is $36 million snack Food Company that is struggling to regain market share lost to Frito-Lay and other fierce competitors. In the early eighties Buddy passed the business to his son, Buddy Jr., who is currently grooming his son, Mark to succeed himself as head of the company. Six month ago Mark joined Buddys Snacks as salesperson, and after four months he was quickly promoted to sales manager. Mark recently graduated from a local University with an MBA in marketing, and Buddy Jr. was hoping that mark would be able to implement strat egies that could help turn the company around. Once Marks initial strategies was to introduce a new sales performance management system. As part of this approach, any salesperson who receives a bellow average performance rating would be required to attend a mandatory coaching session with his or her supervisor. Mark forest is hoping that these coaching sessions will motivate employees to increase their sales. This case describes the reaction of three salespeople who have been required to attend a coaching session because of their low performance over the previous quarter. (Russell Casey, Clayton State University, and Gloria Thompson, University of Phoenix) Mergers have roared back in corporate America, and with them have come highly lucrative payouts for the executives who triggered or accepted the acquisitions. One example is Gillette CEO James M. Kilts, who received a whopping $165 million, including stock options and severance, for selling the razor maker to Procter Gamble . Bruce L. Hammonds, CEO of MBNA Corp., was apparently promised $102 million in connection with the credit card companys acquisition by Bank of America Corp. Further behind but still well ahead of the average employees lifetime income is Toys R Us Inc. CEO John H. Eyler, who will receive cash and benefits worth about $63 million when the struggling toy retailers is purchased by an investment group. But several observers say these special perks are blatantly unfair. Others point out that bonuses perversely reward the people who made the company vulnerable to takeover.7 (Business Week) 8. Conclusion: Understanding the behaviour of organisations arises from combining the basics of the sciences or disciplines indicated with a number of more general and overtly subjective assertions. The total picture is incomplete, ever-changing and continually developing. The drive is therefore towards as complete an understanding as possible rather than absolute illumination. This understanding is based on the application of methods of research and inquiry that are capable of relative evaluation. This also concerns the validation and consistency of results and conclusions, especially when the divergent and conflicting nature of the different perspectives is considered. Ultimately, conclusions and predictions about human, and therefore organisational, behaviour are always subject to measures of uncertainty and interpretation. Organisation behaviour is very important in business and our personal life as well. We have to organise everything. I have to attend class then want to study at home the n assignment, everything should be organised and same thing applied in Company.

The Doctrine Of The Faith - 1340 Words

Mavrodes begins by stating the doctrine of the faith, which is that God is omnipotent (capable of anything). There has been attempts to refute the omnipotence of God by proposing things he cannot do. One example Mavrodes gives is the creation of a square circle. In paragraph two Mavrodes goes on to highlight the counterarguments to these attempts by a St. Thomas. St. Thomas wanted to clarify that the â€Å"anything† that we refer to when we talk about God’s omnipotence should be, â€Å"construed to refer only to objects, actions, or states of affairs whose descriptions are not self-contradictory.† Thomas goes on to say that only things whose nonexistence might plausibly be attributed to a lack of power would fit under this category. Mavrodes†¦show more content†¦Mavrodes now decides to state that despite this difference, the question of the stone is open to the same solution as the problem of the square circle. The question of the stone doesn’t work because it depends on asking whether God can perform a self-contradictory thing. The answer that he cannot do such a thing does not damage God’s doctrine of omnipotence. Either God’s omnipotence is true, or he lacks such omnipotence. If we are to assume that he is not omnipotent, the problem of a stone too heavy for God to lift wouldn’t contradict itself. If we say that God is able or unable to create such a stone, his omnipotence may be in question. This too is no more than an assumption much like the one we started with. Mavrodes then questions whether or not the assumption of the omnipotence of God always leads to a reductio, when in fact, in may give us a feasible answer. When one assumes that God is omnipotent, a stone too heavy to lift then becomes contradictory, as it then becomes what Mavrodes refers to as, â€Å"a stone which cannot be lifted by Him whose power is sufficient for lifting anything.† The stone this scenario describes contradicts itself and is entirely impossible, so we can check it at the door when it comes to questioning God’s omnipotence. Not being capable of logical existence, it’s failure to do so can’t be due to a lack in the power of God. It is the omnipotence ofShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of Justification By Faith932 Words   |  4 PagesThe Doctrine of Justification has been a vital teaching throughout the history of Christianity and it is the fulcrum upon which the Church balances; even minor tweaking could result in drastic changes to our core beliefs. This Doctrine can be summarized to say that Justification is God’s declaration, that only through faith in his son’s suffering a re we saved and are righteous in God’s sight. This teaching is as old as our religion and we can see this through its expression from both old and newRead MoreCore Doctrines Are Apart Of The Christian Faith1488 Words   |  6 PagesGod: Core doctrines are apart of the Christian faith and should be taught no matter what the denomination is. Doctrines are not negotiable throughout the universal Christian churches. However, churches may have different dogmatic beliefs, because there are not set in stone and vary. Theology is defined by Beth Felker Jones as being â€Å"the study of the things of God, a God who loves the world.† Theology is a practice that affects Christians’ lives in many ways: the way that they think, live, and howRead MoreThomas Langford s Central Doctrines Of The Christian Faith960 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Langford describes central doctrines of the Christian faith with one of them being that we confess that the reign (kingdom) of God is both a present and future reality. In the Old Testament, God s kingdom is portrayed as a place where the Lord rules over all. Many of the prophets talked of a time where peace and justice under God would never end (Isaiah 2:4, Daniel 7:14, Zecharia h 14:9). In the New Testament, Jesus talked frequently about the kingdom in ways that show it is here now,Read MoreTrinitarian Doctrine : Christianity From Other Religions And Serves As A Barometer For Measuring Orthodox Faith2020 Words   |  9 Pages Trinitarian doctrine distinguishes Christianity from other religions and serves as a barometer for measuring orthodox Christian faith. The Athanasian Creed begins its forty-four line doctrinal commitment by stipulating that whoever will be saved hold to the catholic faith â€Å"that we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity.†1 The church accepted these terms and has continued the tradition of affirming a Triune God as described in Scripture. To uphold orthodox Christianity is to affirm trinitarianRead MoreBiblical Truths Of The Christian Bible915 Words   |  4 PagesGod is preached in expository fashion and systematically taught in line with sound doctrine to the children of God, the servants of Christ become full y equipped with the truth of Scripture that is mature in sound doctrine; thus, not deceived and tossed to and fro by the wiles of the devil through the cunning craftiness of his demonic ministers who twist the plain truth about Scripture by teaching the false doctrines of demons therefore by the consistent teaching of Biblical truth the servants of GodRead MoreWhat Is Christian Doctrine?938 Words   |  4 PagesChristian doctrine? Christian doctrine tells us the truth about God, ourselves, and our world. Doctrine means teaching or instruction. A Church historian once defined Christian doctrine in this way: â€Å"Christian doctrine is what the church believes and teaches.† A doctrine is what the whole Bible teaches us about a particular topic. Christian doctrine may be defined as the fundamental truths of the Bible arranged in systematic form. The Assemblies of God has 16 fundamentals of truth or doctrines. TheseRead MoreGeorge Whitfield s Life And Accomplishments1196 Words   |  5 Pagesthe message of faith, grace, and salvation only through Christ Jesus during The Great Awakening of the 1740’s in America with his moderate Calvinistic approach with zeal amongst controversy, admonition, evangelism, and boundless missionary work. Whitfield brought the colonists in America Calvinism, which changed Christianity at that juncture, and at the present time around the world. Case in point, The Great Awakening is recorded in history as a restructuring of the religious doctrine, beliefs, andRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe doctrine of the Trinity can be defined as the introduction to the Christian faith. For a number of years, special attention to the doctrine of the Trinity has been given by the educational theologians. The theologians have done lengthy writing on the history of the doctrine development, the relevance of the doctrine in the life of the world and the church. This doctrine was first formally and thoroughly expressed in the fourth century in reaction to alleged alterations of the Bible teachingsRead MoreAn Analysis of the Doctrine of the Blessed Trinity636 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿An Analysis of the Doctrine of the Blessed Trinity Introduction John Feinberg states that one possible way to logically conceive the mystery of the Blessed Trinity is through the label relative trinitarianism. By approaching the Trinity with a relativistic lens, Feinberg attempts to reconcile the ancient disputes which played a real part in the split between the Eastern and Western Churches. However, the Church has always approached the mystery of the Trinity with tentativeness, especiallyRead MoreThe, Liberals And The Neo Orthodox1515 Words   |  7 Pagesnot everyone agrees to the others use. The first group was the Liberals. The Liberals were by far the most unique of these three groups because were prepared to disregard standard traditions to get to a more contemporary way of practicing their faith. One way they did this was in the way they looked at scripture. When reading Scripture, they did not see it as â€Å"inspired† in the same way that other groups did. Typically, across denominations, most everyone views scripture with the most authority

Tourism Definitions free essay sample

They are discussed in terms of heir merits and deficiencies, and then any connections with the points raised by Leaper (1979). Tourism Tourist Definition Identification The six definitions are below, with relevant discussion and connection with Leaper (1979) following; 1. Tourism should be defined conceptually as those aspects of leisure-time behavior and their consequences which occur as a result of temporary trips away from the home environment and which are motivated exclusively by a concern for recreation matters. (Heeled, 1980) 2. Tourist as someone traveling for any purpose except commuting to and from work.. . (Hunt Laymen, 1991)] 3. Tourism appears to be becoming an acceptable term to singularly describe the activity of people taking trips away from home and the Industry which has developed in response to this activity. [ (Hunt Laymen, 1991)] 4. The Most popular way of defining tourist was by the purpose of the travel, with pleasure or vacation being prevalent terms, although specific types of purposes were also stated, such as visiting friends and relatives, shopping, attending an event or attraction, or other than commercial business. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Definitions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether respondents considered a business arson a tourist is debatable, as some reported they were tourists and some reported that they were not. [ (Amasser, 1998)] 5. The definition of tourism Includes three common elements: 1. Movement of people between two or more places (origin and destination) 2. Length of time of movement (temporary) 3. Purpose [ (Headman Jackson, 2003) ] 6. Tourists are temporary visitors staying over 24 hours in the country visited, whose Journey falls Into one of the following categories: leisure, recreation, holiday, sport, health, study religion: or business, family, friends, mission, tenting. [ (Headman Jackson, 2003)] Definition discussions and relevance to Leper (1979) . This definition of tourism clearly Identifies that there are Industrial Impacts, and does not merely rely on the behavior of the tourist to define tourism. It identifies that tourist (the behavioral portion) can influence the destination region; it does not however address the manner by which the Influence Is realized. Lepers Tourist System does form a much stronger, persuasive definition of tourism as It does represent the influence, through the industrialization characteristics. . The generalization of this definition of a tourist means that nearly any person who enters local shopping centre to undertake the weekly groceries would be considered a tourist under this definition. This is simply not an acceptable definition off tourist and it would be near impossible to delineate, or make any assumptions about a tourist or tourism in general using this definition off tourist. 3. Again this is a much generalized definition of a tourist.It does however consider the industrial aspects as discussed by Leaper (1979) and which forms part of his holistic definition f The Tourist System. Again is serves very little purpose on an academic sense, although it does have greater specificity in terms of whom the definition fits. It at least considers that a person must be away from home, but does not provide any substantial support to other functions of the tourist. 4.This definition of a tourist is actual quite functional in terms of being able to clearly identify and therefore gather statistics for analysis. This does consider behavioral aspects and supports the analysis of this function of Leaper (1979) Tourism System. 5. This definition covers he technical definition of tourism, allowing for the statistical aspects as discussed by Leaper (1979). It covers the three elements of the standard internal definition: distance traveled, duration and purpose.It supports and allows a clear definition for statistical purposes but has limited relevance to business related discussion in terms of any economic or business impacts that may result from the persons undertaking the activity as defined. Similarly Leaper (1979) has issue with this purely statistical approach to defining tourism as it does not consider the industrial aspects that result room tourism and the tourist. 6. The specificity of this definition of a tourist supports only the data gathering for a particular purpose.

Ugly Genes Essay Example

Ugly Genes Paper Why doesnt evolution get rid of ugly people? Based on the precepts of natural selection, species with inferior traits are bound to be wiped out with time, leaving only the fit species to survive and propagate future offspring of the same species. It is paradoxical, however, that some undesirable traits in some species keep on persisting, being passed on from one generation to another, defying the premises upon which natural selection stands. Why is it that the ugly, the unhealthy and the not so smart keep persisting in the world, yet based on the natural selection they are naturally supposed to fade away? The author posits that the not so attractive will logically not pass down their traits as no one would be interested to have them as their mates, the unhealthy will not live long to pass down their inferior traits and the dumb will be at a disadvantage in the acquisition of wealth and financial prosperity necessary to survive and raise a family (Begley, 2007). Looking around, abundant evidence still persists that seem to contr adict with the predictions of this theory of natural selection: ugly people still exist, there are dumb people around and the unhealthy as well. Why is this the case? What makes someone ugly We will write a custom essay sample on Ugly Genes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ugly Genes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ugly Genes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the explanation offered by evolutionary genetics, this paradox is as a result of constant mutation of these undesirable traits keep persisting no matter how hard the process of natural selection kicks in to cleanse them. Scientists, however, do admit that the notion of constant mutation is farfetched and that there is a real reason to explain the paradox. Studies conducted at Edinburgh University, Scotland, have attempted to offer an explanation for this paradox; that the genes that are good for males are not desirable for females, and the reverse is also true. The scientists conducted the research on a population of 3,559 red deers inhabiting a Scottish island spanning eighteen generations (Earp, Sandberg, Savulescu, 2012). They documented every detail about the animals, from their fitness levels to their mating cycles to the off springs that managed to survive. The result of the research was contradictory; on average, male red deers with high fitness levels sired off springs with relatively low fitness levels. The reverse also held true; that male deer that had low reproductive success and fitness sired daughters that were relatively successful. This state of affairs could be explained by the fact that traits that are based on genes could have very different effects on males than on females. This analogy could be used to explain features in humans as well: a father might be having a shapely nose that would be expected to be described as hunky on males but not so good on females. As such a father would attract females who desire the desirable trait in the father, the result of their copulation might produce a daughter whose nose is far from shapely. Traits which evolutionary scientists describe as not good for mating in females persist because they are inherited by their sons in their DNA and are propagated when the sons sire their own daughters (Pennisi, 2012). Further studies try to explain the phenomenon of the persistence of undesirable genes despite natural selection. The most prominent one, perhaps, is the existence of the gene for sickle cell disease, which is more rampant in the Mediterranean regions as well as in Africa. Logically, it is expected that the process of natural selection would kick in and eliminate it, but it has not. It emerged that carrying a copy of such a gene would make one more resistant to malaria attacks, which are prevalent in these same regions (Pennisi, 2012). Natural selection essay The author poignantly cautions those who are obsessed with physical traits in the choice of their mates. He points to them that have the tendencies of rejecting their potential mates because they possess less than desirable traits and features, thinking that they would be doing a service for themselves and their future generations through the propagation of superior genes only. Natural selection, as demonstrated by the author, does not really work as people would expect. Although the author uses strong points to paint a picture that natural selection at times fails to eliminate the less desirable traits and that people should think twice before rejecting their potential spouse because they possess somewhat inferior traits, much is left to be desired of this proposition. For one, people have different preferences in selecting their mates and such evidence presented might not be useful in deterring people from overlooking the misfits and opting for the superior in the society. This is perhaps clearly demonstrated in cases where relatively successful individuals, in terms of wealth, success and fame flock together and establish their own families, oblivious of what natural selection might mean to their union. For some, the concept of natural selection does not even strike their radar, as they have already been swept by the love bug, choosing whomever they desire regardless of their genetic composition, whether desirable or not. Furthermore, the concept of natural selection stirs controversy as some closely associate it with evolution which goes against their beliefs. The author uses emotive terms that touch on the core of human characteristics-ugliness, dumbness, and health- to prove a point about natural selection. This, however, might not be well received by all members of the audience as it contravenes to their values and beliefs. Some, for instance, believe that we ate all beautiful and inferior or superior traits are subjective and should therefore not be used as a universal basis for drumming for the process of natural selection. Natural selection and evolutionary theories are refuted by others as they believe in a supreme being whose creations should not be measured, believing that the creator is infinitely wise, and thus no human scale should be used to determine what is desirable or not; only the creator knows (Begley, 2007). There are some cases where natural selection is at work. Research shows that the process is still at work as recent as the 19th century. The study conducted in Finland sought to explore the key signposts of natural selection: those who married and those who did not, those who lived beyond the age of 15, the number of marriages the population under study had, and the number of children sired in each marriage. Half of the study population died before reaching the age of 15, indicating that they possessed traits that did not favor natural selection. As such, none of their genes could not be passed to the next generation. 20 percent of the population did not marry and did not have children, implying that they possessed some undesirable traits that prevented them from obtaining spouses and transmitting their genes to the next generation. The author uses strong pathos, logos, and ethos in driving his point home with regards to the fallacy of natural selection, though evidence still exists that support that the process is still ongoing, despite the argument put forward by the author. References Begley, S. (2007). Why Doesnt Evolution Get Rid of Ugly People?. Newsweek. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from http://europe.newsweek.com/why-doesnt-evolution-get-rid-ugly-people-221992?rm=eu Earp, B., Sandberg, A., ; Savulescu, J. (2012). Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships. Philosophy ; Technology, 25(4), 561-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13347-012-0081-8 Pennisi, E. (2012). Natural Selection Is Still With Us. Science | AAAS. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/04/natural-selection-still-us

Ways of understanding.

Ways of understanding. Of the six ways of thinking, I have to say that I use perspective the most. I often ask, why does that happen, why does it work this way? It ties in with self-knowledge. The way that I was brought up and the environment that I am in defines the way that I look at things. The metacognition shapes what choices I could make or not make.An example of myself using self-knowledge and metacognition is when I want to study for an English exam, for instance, I may be aware at the time, that your study session will be more productive if you work in the quiet library or a similar study-suitable environment, rather than at home where there are many distractions. The knowledge of the task variables includes knowledge about the nature of the task as well as the type of demands that will occur during the process; this all will in-turn be place upon individual.This image was selected as a picture of the week o...Depending on the assignment, I may know that it will take me longer to comprehend a phys ics explanation longer that an English text.There may be several ways of approaching the topic at hand, and to pick one, I may use application. I would use it to determine how my way of thinking should change for this matter. The other way can possibly be the most suitable for the task and help me complete it with ease, as opposed to if I were to undertake the issue with a different mind-set, such as thinking that I may not totally understand it, and indeed I may not fully be able to comprehend it. Resulting I may give up for the moment and go to a different topic, then with a different mind state I can advance on the assignment.Empathy is a way of understanding that I very seldom use. To fully use this way, I should ask what the contributor was trying to make me feel during the experience. I may do this if it were the assignment for a class, namely English; however I would not normally consider how I feel or am meant to feel during a reading or another form of expression. If I were reflecting on previous experiences, then I would consider the views that another person has. I would do this to find out why Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence the way that he did. In the style and tone that he considered to be moving for the people who would support him and many others in depending the colonies from the tyrannical ruler. To understand it even more, I would question myself what do I need to experience if I am to understand? A possible response would be that the people needed a way to live that they could raise their families in. they needed a reliable source of wealth. If Britain were to engage in a conflict with another European power, then the colonies would suffer and many could possibly starve.

Ways to Say Thank You in Spanish

Ways to Say Thank You in Spanish Chances are that one of the first words you learned in Spanish is gracias, the most common way to say thanks or thank you. Gracias is, of course, a useful word and should top any list of words Spanish students should learn. How To Use Gracias, a  Word for Thanks If you wish to indicate what youre giving thanks for, use the preposition por to mean for: Gracias por el regalo, which means thank you for the gift. If you want to say thank you very much, you can use muchas gracias or even muchà ­simas gracias. Also common is mil gracias, literally a thousand thanks. As you might guess, gracias is closely connected with- technically, its a cognate- the English word grace. The connection can be seen most easily if you remember that giving a prayer of thanks before a meal is sometimes known as saying grace. Gracia, the singular form of gracias, also has some of the other meanings of grace. Some examples of how gracias can be used: Gracias por ser quien eres. (Thank you for being who you are.)Gracias por tu comprensià ³n. (Thanks for your understanding.)Gracias a las lluvias de este aà ±o hemos podido disfrutar de estas cascadas. (Thanks to this years rains we have been able to enjoy these waterfalls.)Gracias, mi amigo, por todo lo que me das. (Thank you, my friend, for everything you give me.)Sobre todo, te doy las gracias por hacerme muy feliz. (Above all, I give you thanks for making me very happy.)Estas gracias son tambià ©n para todos vosotros. (These thanks are also for all of you.) ¡Un millà ³n de gracias a nuestros patrocinadores! (A million thanks to our sponsors!)Muchas gracias por su solicitud. (Thank you very much for your application.)Te ofrezco mis gracias sinceras. (I offer you my sincere thanks.) Agradecer and Related Words If youve gone beyond learning the basics of Spanish, you also can use the verb agradecer, which is used to express gratitude, appreciation or thanks. Two related words are also in common use: agradecido (grateful, appreciative or thankful) and agradecimiento (appreciation or gratitude). Note that agradecer is irregularly conjugated if youre speaking about yourself in the present tense. So agradezco is the form to use to say something such as I am grateful or I appreciate. Following the conjugation pattern of conocer, it is also irregular in some other forms youre less likely to use. Te agradezco el regalo. (I appreciate the gift.)Me siento agradecido (agradecida if youre female) por el regalo. (I feel grateful for the gift.)Estoy agradecido (agradecida if youre female) por el regalo. (I am grateful for the gift.)Quizs no estaban agradecidos por el favor que hice por ellos. (Perhaps they never appreciated the favor that you did for them.)Les agradecemos por su donacià ³n para los nià ±os. (We appreciate your donation for the children.)Me dijo que me agradecà ­a mucho por el fin de semana. (She told me that she was grateful to me for the weekend.)Los propietarios merecen muchos agradecimientos por su generosidad. (The owners deserve much appreciation for their generosity.)Es importante que cada familia cree una cultura de agradecimiento. (Is it important that each family create a culture of gratitude.)

Mergers and Acquisitions History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mergers and Acquisitions History - Essay Example This paper seeks to explore mergers and acquisitions as well as their inherent benefits and drawbacks. These business practices will also be examined in the context of foreign interaction. There are some sensible reasons for executing mergers and acquisitions (M&As). The most obvious reason is profitability. "Deals can be worth hundreds of millions, or even billions, of dollars. They can dictate the fortunes of the companies involved for years to come. For a CEO, leading an M&A can represent the highlight of a whole career" (http://www.investopedia.com/university/mergers/, 2007). Another sensible reason is the gain of power by way of absorption. Absorption involves the securing of a competitor's resources which, in turn, increases the absorbing company's clout and influence. The final reason, for purposes of this analysis, is for companies to gain more appeal in the international market. If foreign investors can be persuaded to contribute to a particular company, that company's economic success can be significantly enhanced. There are also some dubious reasons that come with the M&A game. One major obstacle is the time factor. The process of securing M&As can take considerable time to complete. Negotiations may fall through and/or companies may not be willing to engage in tedious legal wrangling. Another dubious reason is the inadequate protection from the law. Depending upon the state in which the companies operate, the law may or may not fully protect either one in terms of unfair business practices or hostile takeovers. Cash transactions are one way to effectuate a merger or acquisition. In these types of transactions, a company can seize some or all of another company's assets. This can be beneficial in that tangible property can be assimilated into a company's operation. However, "a cash purchase will be a taxable merger, whereas a stock exchange will not be taxable. In a taxable merger, there are capital gains effects and asset write-up effects to consider" (highered.mcgraw-hill.com, 2007). Stock transactions are another way to effectuate a merger or acquisition. In these types of transactions, the interest of shareholders comes in to play. In stock transactions, shareholders still retain their interest; it just gets transferred to the absorbing company. One glowing, positive benefit of these transactions is the tax consideration. "Certain exchanges of stock are considered tax-free reorganizations, which permit the owners of one company to exchange their shares for the stock of the acquirer without paying taxes" (www.referenceforbusiness.com, 2007). The major disadvantage of this arrangement is that there is usually no transfer of tangible assets which, in turn, will not yield a transfer of title. When merging with or acquiring an organization in another country, there are some risks that must be strongly considered. Arguably, the most significant risk encompasses this consideration: "A short history of precedent M&A activity and minimal financial disclosure pose various valuation issues; this is often compounded by unrealistic valuation expectations on the part of vendors" (www.ey.com, 2007). Companies that are interested in immersing themselves in foreign markets must thoroughly research economic trends and general business practices. Another serious risk is the

In Depth Analysis of HorizontalDrilling in Old Conventional Pools Research Paper

In Depth Analysis of HorizontalDrilling in Old Conventional Pools - Research Paper Example Case studies and recommendations are included. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....p. 1. Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦....p. 2. Purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...p. 3. Scope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....p. 2.0 HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN WESTERN CANADA TECHNOLOGIES†¦...†¦p. 2.1 Horizontal drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.2 History of Horizontal Drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.3 Advantages of Horizontal Drilling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2.4 Stimulation methods used in Horizontal Drilling completion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦...p. 2.4.1 Hydraulic Fracturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......p 2.4.2 Multi-Stage Fracturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦ p. 2.4.3 Hydraulic Fracture Fluids†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.p. 3.0 HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN OLD CON VENTIONAL POOLS.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....p. 3.1 Benefit of using horizontal drilling in conventional wells†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....p. ... ....................P. 4.1Current Operational Data from the oil industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P 4.2 Advantages of using horizontal drilling in old conventional pool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦P. 4.2.1 Economical Advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦...P. 2.2. Environmental Advantage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..P. 4.3 Limitations of using Horizontal drilling old conventional pool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..p. 5.0 ACASE STUDY OF ORIZONATL DRILLING IN OLD OIL RESERVOIRS†¦P. 1. Pembina Cardium†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 2. Bakken†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p. 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The ongoing march of technological progress pursuant to both the production and discovery of natural oil reserves is a persistent development of increasing relevance in our interconnected world. Specifically, a necessary avenue of development are the challenges and applications pursuant to horizontal drilling technology, which is increasing in utility as technology advances, sparking great interest worldwide in recent decades. This investigation is an exploration in a technical sense of the applications of horizontal drilling practices pertaining to specific types of oil deposits, some – such as oil shales may have been neglected previously due to a cost-benefit analysis between the difficulty of their extraction and the price at which oil could be sold. Over ti me, this balance changes. Prospects for improvement in the oil industry, and relevant applications for advancements in pre-existing techniques are also

The Crucible: Hysteria And Injustice :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible: Hysteria and Injustice Thesis Statement: The purpose is to educate and display to the reader the hysteria and injustice that can come from a group of people that thinks it's doing the "right" thing for society in relation to The Crucible by Arthur Miller. I. Introduction: The play is based on the real life witch hunts that occurred in the late 1600's in Salem, Massachusetts. It shows the people's fear of what they felt was the Devil's work and shows how a small group of powerful people wrongly accused and killed many people out of this fear and ignorance. Also important to the play is how Arthur Miller depicts how one selfish, evil person like Abigail Williams can bring others down and make others follow her to commit evil acts. These evil acts affect even the most honest people in the town like John and Elizabeth Proctor, and Rebecca Nurse who cannot fight the accusations made against them by those following Abigail. Those following Abigail are considered to be holy men that are full of honesty and justice, but the play shows that even those who are thought to be respectable and right, like people of government or community leaders can bring death to innocent people if they are driven by something wrong. II. Plot: The plot begins with the inciting incident where Rev. Parris finds his niece Abigail Williams and his daughter Betty along with his slave Tituba doing some dance in the forest. Right when he finds them, Betty becomes sick and won't talk or open her eyes, about this time other people's daughters become sick too. Rumors spread that witch craft is involved in Betty's illness and the development of the plot begins. Important to the major development of the plot is the fact that in the forest, Abigail and the others were just playing like witches. But they were following Abigail because she wanted to try to put a curse on a lady named Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail was in love with Mrs. Proctor's husband, John Proctor, and she wanted to some how get rid of Elizabeth. The problem was that as the rumors spread about the devil Abigail went along with it and blamed the slave woman Tituba for forcing her to join the devil. The rising action begins when Tituba out of fear of death starts naming people that she says were with the devil when the devil came to her. This is all a lie though because once Abigail blamed Tituba she did not want to turn the story around and admit that she was lying in the first place because one, she was

Do Not Resuscitate Legal and Ethical Issues Essay

Introduction DNR, Do Not Resuscitate, is an order that alerts medical professionals not to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR, on an individual. CPR consists of life saving methods such as procedures that can involve mouth to mouth resuscitation to using a defibrillator, intubation, and using cardio tonic drugs to bring the patient back to life. DNR orders is a legal document that has been sustained by the individual or proxy, typically is for patients that are seriously ill or may be terminally ill, preventing aggressive efforts to bring them back to life. DNR enables a person to exercise their right to autonomy, to make decisions about their healthcare in case they are unable to do so in the future. In this paper I will be analyzing the requirements of New Jersey’s DNR. Secondly I will be identifying the requirements of three hospitals DNR’s in New Jersey. The three hospitals will be Jersey City Medical center, St. Joseph’s Hospital, and Hackensack Medical Center; I will examine the differences and similarities between the three hospital DNR requirements and address the following: what they are and which one should be followed. Lastly the paper will explain how a DNR is applied if a patient is under hospice care and the EMT’s are called. Requirements for New Jersey Do Not Resuscitate Orders State of N.J. www.state.nj.us/health/ems/dnr_introduction.shtml This is the State of New Jersey Department of Health website. This website contains the requirements for the state of N.J. This also contains information of the guidelines for  physicians, policies for EMS personal, and Do Not Resuscitate brochure. This web site is valuable for the research paper in the understanding of the states requirments and policies. New Jersey Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) http://www.njha.com/media/33214/DNRGuidelines.pdf. This website provides the state’s education for guidelines for health care professional, patients and their families. This also contains important information about the DNR background and history to further understand the requirements. The website also includes physician guidelines, EMS policy, how to get a valid out of hospital DNR, bracelet guidelines, and an educational brochure for family members. The website will allow me to identify the requirements of New Jersey’s DNR policy and also provides tools for the patient and their family. DNR’s Advanced Directives-NJ http://www.njha.com/media/33214/DNRGuidelines.pdf. This website is the NJ Hospice and Palliative Care Organization; this will enrich my knowledge about hospice care, DNR orders, Advanced Directives, and living wills. Duke, G., Thompson, S., & Hastie, M. (2007). Factors influencing completion of advanced directives in hospitalized patients. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 13(1), 39-43 This was retrieved form the Ashford library; this is a journal article that discusses the completion of DNR forms and the importance in protecting the patient’s right in making decisions for end of life care. The article gives important in formation about DNR and also describes assessment tools that are used to better educate the patient. Advanced Directives- Jersey City Medical Center https://www.libertyhealth.org/pdf/LibertyHealth_Advance_Directive.pdf St Joseph’s Health care- https://www.stjosephshealth.org/patients-and-families/your-hospital-stay-information/24-your-hospital-stay-information Advanced Directives-Hackensack Medical Center http://www.hackensackumc.org/assets/1/7/advdirectives.pdf. This is the Jersey City Medical Center’s, St. Joseph’s Hospital’s, and Hackensack Universities advance directive information and DNR forms. They provide education for the patient and or families. This will provide me the information to examine the differences and similarities between the states and the three hospitals DNR requirements to address the following questions:  what are they and which one should be followed. DNR is applied under hospice care and EMT’s are called Do Not Resuscitate Orders State of N.J. www.state.nj.us/health/ems/dnr_introduction.shtml This website provides information on how a DNR is applied if patients are under hospice care and the EMT’s have been called. This will be very important in the research paper. Providing information and ethic realization to issues when DNR guidelines and a call for emergent services on a hospice patient. This is the State of New Jersey Department of Health website. This website contains the information how DNR is applied if a patient is under hospice care and EMT’s are called. From researching the information provided this will greatly help me explain and understand the issues involving DNR document and a call for to the EMT’s to provide help. Van Leuven, K. (2012). Advanced care planning in health service users. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 21(21/22), 3126-3133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04190.x This was retrie ved form Ashford University Library; this journal article provides information of advanced directives and DNR orders. This is critical to my research paper, it will help me to understand and analysis various situations such as EMT’s being called with a patient that has a DNR. Croke, E., & Daguro, P. (2005). Liability for the health care provider: non-implementation of patients’ advanced directives. Journal Of Legal Nurse Consulting, 16(2), 19-24. This was also retrieved form Ashford Universities library, the journal artical explains how a DNR should be kept with a patient and should also be kept in the patient’s permanent medical record. DNR orders should be honored by health care professional including EMT’s. The information also explains that a living will is not a DNR and that a bracelet is one of the best ways for EMT’s to recognize a patient’s wishes. Taghavi, M., Simon, A., Kappus, S., Meyer, N., Lassen, C., Klier, T., & †¦ Wiese, C. (2012). Paramedic’s experiences and expectations concerning advance directives: A prospective, questionnaire-based, bi-centre study. Palliative Medicine, 26(7), 908-916. doi:10.1177/0269216311419885 This was also retrieved form the Ashford library; it is a questionnaire based investigation from the EMT’s perspective. It explains their concerns for improved guidelines on end of life decisions and to not provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation in palliative care patients.

Ketone reduction

IntroductionKetone reduction is one of the fundamental reactions in organic synthesis and this results to the formation of the corresponding alcohol as the final product. In synthetic organic chemistry carbonyl reduction is an important process leading to a wide variety of reducing being realized. Several of these reducing agents can be used to reduce all carbonyl groups, but one class of compounds only react with hydride donors. Taking for example lithium aluminum hydride reduces in most occasion’s ketone, esters and aldehydes.Experiment 5B:The experiment was performed using the right procedures that was provided and the instructions followed to the latter and in this case sodiumborohydride was used as the reducing agent, the protocol followed came from a laboratory manual or primary literature. It is said in theory that the four hydrides in sodium borohydride are always in place to reduce a molecule of ketone, this suggests that one mole of sodium borohydride reduces four mo les of ketone. Sodium borohydride in this experiment was used to reduce 4-t-butylcyclohexanone which has a large sized t-butyl group making it to exist in an almost exclusive chair conformation one of its kind.Post-Lab assignment1. a)   The Lewis structure of a hydride ion is as shown;H- (hydride) Lewis structure and the (electron dot diagram) [H]+ or H+b)   This is because the carbonyl carbon has two delocalized electrons thus tends to   display high affinity for the four hydride ions (H-) off the Sodium borohydride which is highly neucleophilic2)  Ã‚   The mechanism involved the highly nucleophilic borohydride attacking at both the endo and the exo sides leading to the formation of both cis and trans isomers.4.   This was possible since the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid led to the formation of water molecule leading to neutralization of the excess reducing agent.5.   Percentage Yield = ratio of products to reactants multiplied by 100 percent6.  Ã‚   a) The mel ting point of the major product was rather low than the literature value melting point range.b)   This is so inorder to accommodate any experimental mistakes that might have occurred during the performance of the experiment also we can say that the presence and positioning of the t-butyl group contributed a great deal to the melting range of the product.7.  Ã‚   a)   There is absorbtion in IR at wave number 1710 cm-18.   The reaction forms two products since there is nucleophilic attack at both endo and exo sides of the main reactant 4-t-butylcyclohexanone, and the product structures are below,  Ã‚  t.-Bu  Ã‚  OH  Ã‚   cis-4-t-butylcyclohexanol      Or  OH   Ã‚  t-Bu   trans-4-butylcyclohexanol the main product.a) The Newman projection for the cis-isomer b) The Newman projection for the trans-isomerc)   Using the integrated values the ratio of cis/trans being the products can be calculated using the complex signals, one centered at 4.05 and the other near 3 .5 thus the areas under these complex signals are 0.85:3.66 or 1:4.3.References1.   University of West Florida, NMR Analysis of 4-t-Butylcyclohexanols

Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War

Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War The Siege of Paris was fought September 19, 1870 to January 28, 1871 and was a key battle of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). With the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870, French forces suffered a string of serious reverses at the hands of the Prussians. Following their decisive victory at the Battle of Sedan on September 1, the Prussians quickly advanced on Paris and encircled the city. Laying siege to city, the invaders were able to contain Paris garrison and defeated several attempted breakout attempts. Seeking to reach a decision, the Prussians began shelling the city in January 1871. Three days later the Paris surrendered. The Prussian triumph effectively ended the conflict and led to the unification of Germany. Background Following their triumph over the French at the Battle of Sedan on September 1, 1870, Prussian forces began marching on Paris. Moving swiftly, the Prussian 3rd Army along with the Army of Meuse encountered little resistance as they neared the city. Personally guided by King Wilhelm I and his chief of staff, Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke, Prussian troops began encircling the city. Within Paris, the citys governor, General Louis Jules Trochu, had massed around 400,000 soldiers, half of which were untested National Guardsmen. Count Helmuth von Moltke. Photograph Source: Public Domain As the pincers closed, a French force under General Joseph Vinoy attacked Crown Prince Fredericks troops south of the city at Villeneuve Saint Georges on September 17. Attempting to save a supply dump in the area, Vinoys men were driven back by massed artillery fire. The following day the railroad to Orleans was cut and Versailles occupied by the 3rd Army. By the 19th, the Prussians had completely encircled the city beginning the siege. In the Prussian headquarters a debate was had over how best to take the city. Siege of Paris Conflict: Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)Dates: September 19, 1870-January 28, 1871Armies Commanders:PrussiaField Marshal Helmuth von MoltkeField Marshal Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal240,000 menFranceGovernor Louis Jules TrochuGeneral Joseph Vinoyapprox. 200,000 regularsapprox. 200,000 militiaCasualties:Prussians: 24,000 dead and wounded, 146,000 captured, approximately 47,000 civilian casualtiesFrench: 12,000 killed and wounded The Siege Begins Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck argued in favor of immediately shelling the city into submission. This was countered by the sieges commander, Field Marshal Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal who believed shelling the city to be inhumane and against the rules of war. He also argued that a quick victory would lead to peace before the remaining French field armies could be destroyed. With these in place, it was likely that the war would be renewed in a short time. After hearing arguments from both sides, William elected to allow Blumenthal to proceed with the siege as planned. Within the city, Trochu remained on the defensive. Lacking faith in his National Guardsmen, he hoped that the Prussians would attack allowing his men to fight from within the citys defenses. As it quickly became apparent that the Prussians were not going to attempt to storm the city, Trochu was forced to reconsider his plans. On September 30, he ordered Vinoy to demonstrate and test the Prussian lines west of the city at Chevilly. Striking the Prussian VI Corps with 20,000 men, Vinoy was easily repulsed. Two weeks later, on October 13, another attack was made at Chà ¢tillon. St-Cloud after the fighting at Chà ¢tillon, October 1870. Public Domain   French Efforts to Break the Siege Though French troops succeeded in taking the town from the Bavarian II Corps, they were eventually driven back by Prussian artillery. On October 27, General Carey de Bellemare, commander of the fort at Saint Denis, attacked the town of Le Bourget. Though he had no orders from Trochu to move forward, his attack was successful and French troops occupied the town. Though it was of little value, Crown Prince Albert ordered it retaken and Prussian forces drove the French out on the 30th. With morale in Paris low and made worse by news of the French defeat at Metz, Trochu planned a large sortie for November 30. Consisting of 80,000 men, led by General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, the attack struck at Champigny, Creteil and Villiers. In the resulting Battle of Villiers, Ducrot succeeded in driving back the Prussians and taking Champigny and Creteil. Pressing across the Marne River towards Villiers, Ducrot was unable to breakthrough the last lines of Prussian defenses. Having suffered over 9,000 casualties, he was forced to withdraw to Paris by December 3. With food supplies low and communication with the outside world reduced to sending letters by balloon, Trochu planned a final breakout attempt. Prussian troops outside of Paris, 1870.   Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H26707 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 The City Falls On January 19, 1871, a day after William had been crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles, Trochu assaulted the Prussian positions at Buzenval. Though Trochu took the village of St. Cloud, his supporting attacks failed, leaving his position isolated. At the end of the day Trochu was forced to fall back having taken 4,000 casualties. As a result of the failure, he resigned as governor and turned command over to Vinoy. Though they had contained the French, many in the Prussian high command were becoming impatient with the siege and the increasing duration of the war. With the war adversely affecting the Prussian economy and disease beginning to break out on the siege lines, William ordered that a solution be found. On January 25, he directed von Moltke to consult with Bismarck on all military operations. After doing so, Bismarck immediately ordered that Paris be shelled with the armys heavy Krupp siege guns. Following three days of bombardment, and with the citys population starving, Vinoy surrendered the city. Aftermath In the fighting for Paris, the French suffered 24,000 dead and wounded, 146,000 captured, as well as approximately 47,000 civilian casualties. Prussian losses were around 12,000 dead and wounded. The fall of Paris effectively ended the Franco-Prussian War as French forces were ordered to cease fighting following the citys surrender. The Government of National Defense signed the Treaty of Frankfurt on May 10, 1871, officially ending the war. The war itself had completed the unification of Germany and resulted in the transfer of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.

How to Get Feedback After a Bad Interview

How to Get Feedback After a Bad Interview So you failed your interview. It was a bad interview. Terrible. You know it; your interviewer knows it. You couldn’t run out of that room fast enough. Now, however, rather than hanging your head in shame, wouldn’t it be good to get some honest feedback to see just where it all went wrong- so you can prepare to interview better in the future? And work out the bugs in the system before trying again? The first thing you want to do is reassure whomever you’re asking for feedback that you won’t argue with the interviewer, the recruiter, or HR about it. Convey the fact that you’re simply hoping to learn from your errors and be able to present yourself better to the next place you interview. Some companies will not share this information with you- either because they’re worried about becoming embroiled in a petty argument, or worse, a law suit- but some will give you the feedback you are asking for. And you’ll never know until you ask.Hereâ⠂¬â„¢s what to do.Step One: Know you must move onExplicitly and sincerely make it clear that you are not trying to weasel your way into a second chance. Assert your awareness that, at least as far as you’re concerned, the process is closed. In other words: you know you’re not getting this job. End of story.Step Two: Be polite and honestSay something like, â€Å"Just so I can do better moving forward in my job search, I wanted to see if you might be willing to share one or two things I might have done differently that would have helped me be more successful in the interview?† You may never hear back, but it’s always worth a try.Step Three: Be humbleNo matter what they tell you, if they respond at all, make sure to be gracious and grateful. You’ll know more than you did before you got this feedback. And it can only be of use to you in prepping for your next interview. This interviewer did you a huge favor by responding in the first place, and for giv ing you some insight that, when made proper use of, might prove to make all the difference in your future job searching.Say thank you. Leave them alone. Then analyze the feedback you were given and find the places where you can and should improve.

The Souls of Black Folk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Souls of Black Folk - Research Paper Example The book begins with an introduction, which is extremely beautiful and catchy, â€Å"Herein lie buried many things which if read with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here at the dawning of the Twentieth Century. This meaning is not without interest to you, Gentle Reader; for the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of color line. I pray you then, receive my book in all charity, studying my words with me, forgiving mistake and foible for the sake of the faith and passion that is in me, and seeking the grain of truth hidden there†(p.1). The first and second portion of the book sheds light on the history of the Black folks. Moreover, it also highlights the flaws of the government that resulted in the form of disorder largely in the south. The manner that Dubios adopts to explain how the previous leaders did not manage things properly is excellent. For example, the third section of the book discusses Booker T. Washington, a black leader who is severely condemned for not providing quality education for the Blacks. Dubios mostly emphasizes on the need for education, the fourth and the fifth portions of the book deal with edification only. In his opinion, He disagrees to the notion of black people not acquiring university education. I found this line very inspiring when he says, â€Å"Progress in human affairs is more often a pull than a push†¦..thus it was no accident that give birth to universities centuries before the common schools, that made fair Harvard the first flower of our wilderness†(p. 53). These words indeed have weight because university qualification is usually considered important for only the upper class. However, this remark by Du Bios could also be criticized by many people, because du Bois was the first black person who acquired a degree from Harvard. Hence, some theoretical issues like these that could be raised by people like scholars or researchers. Secondly, race is another

Product Analysis about Fast Food Restaurant Essay

Product Analysis about Fast Food Restaurant - Essay Example With a varied range of fast food items and ready to eat deserts, the company has been operating well in the international market. The company, in order to meet the changing demands, has been updating their marketing strategies as per the need of the changing time. Moreover, the company has also been serving a varied range of delicacies to capture markets of the fast food restaurants. The company has also opened a large number of franchises to serve people better in the larger number (Dominos IP Holder LLC, 2008). Herewith, the paper focuses to complete a detailed analysis of the fast food restaurant. By analyzing the different market recommendations of the fast food restaurant, a detailed picture of their market strategy is framed. The paper also describes the current fast food services the company is trading on from a critical point of view, highlighting its positives and negatives as well. Initially, Domino’s was involved in serving only Pizzas since its inception. Gradually, with the changing demand and taste preferences, the company became diversified in its food services with the inclusion of a variety of flavored pizzas and a varied range of deserts into their product line. In comparison to other food items, its Handmade Pizza has been a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the company, attracting high demand from the targeted consumers. The company has also been selling a wide range of products like the Parmesan Bread Bites, Stuffed Cheesy breads and Chocolate Lava Crunch to attract a diversified customer group. The company is recognized to be the bestsellers of a varied range of products, which has set a benchmark in the industry by ensuring timely delivery with quality. To increase the convenience of home delivery, Domino’s has been taking initiatives in opening a virtual store. These virtual stores were designed in order to enhance the customerâ⠂¬â„¢s convenience in placing orders. Additionally, in order to

Managing Global Markets: Yoshinoya

Managing Global Markets: Yoshinoya International Brand Recognition: Yoshinoya is one of Japans largest restaurant chain companies and a global brand with over 1400 locations throughout the world including 99 in USA. It is known for its quick service and the menu is based on fresh ingredients served in a variety of rice bowls including its original recipe Beef Bowl that started it all in 1899 opening its first store in Tokyo Japan. Scope of Expansion: In 2006, Yoshinoya made franchising opportunities available to U.S. entrepreneurs. Service: Known for its quick service. It is one of its key strengths and tries to maintain it in all of its outlets and franchises. Quality: Yoshinoyas commitment to quality has never wavered since opening in Tokyos Nihonbashi District in 1899, even stopping sales of its popular beef bowls in 2003 when a ban on American beef went into effect in Japan. Beef bowls were off the Yoshinoya menu for two and half years, until the import ban on American beef was lifted, and company officials say the Yoshinoya decision reflects the commitment to maintain the best quality in both service and product. Its beef bowl recipe calls for American beef, and thats all Yoshinoya has served for nearly eleven decades. Professional Advertising Campaigns: Yoshinoya is known for its advertising campaigns and helps to advertise for the franchisees also. Skilled Traning: Yoshinoya has developed a stringent training regimen for all Yoshinoya employees, hence franchisees can enjoy having a courteous, well-trained staff from the very first day, and maintain the same level of high quality and service across the chain. Competency: Yoshinoyas major expansion plans are for Chinaand to open as many as 500 restaurants there by 2010, as part of its joint venture with Hong Kongs Hop Hing Food Group. There are already 99 restaurants operating in the USA and many more to come. Diversification Strategy: The company began expanding its range of restaurant formats, starting with the 1996 acquisition of Commoco Food Company, later renamed as Peter Pan Comoco, operator of the Hitokuchi Chaya baked good chain. In 1999, the company acquired struggling Kyotara Corp. and its chains of takeout sushi and seafood restaurants. The company acquired the Chinese food chain Shanghai Express in 2002, then added the Hanamaru noodle restaurant group in 2004. The companys other restaurant formats include the Kyotaru takeout sushi chain; Shanghai Express, a Chinese-foods concept; Hitokuchi Chaya, which sells fresh-baked taiyaki cakes and takoyaki dumplings; and the curry shop Pot Pot. Listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchanges First Section, Yoshinoya DC is led by chairman Shuji Abe. Yet gyudon remained the companys core recipe. Into the middle of the first decade of the 2000s, Yoshinoya stepped up international expansion of its flagship chain. The company entered Singapore in 1997, followed by the Philippines in 2001. By 2002, the company had launched a second mainland China partnership, targeting specifically the Shanghai market. In that year Yoshinoya also opened its first restaurant outside of the U.S. West Coast, targeting the New York City market, and boosting its number of restaurants in that market past 100. This was followed by the creation of a new subsidiary, Yoshinoya America, to oversee growth of its U.S. operations. Similarly, the company launched a subsidiary in Australia, which opened its first restaurant in 2004, followed by the launch of operations in Malaysia later the same year. Meantime, the companys Beijing-based joint venture announced its own plans to expand its restaurant chain to as many as 500 restaurants by 2010. These efforts enabled Yoshinoya to continue to post strong revenue gains through 2005. Nonetheless, the companys profitability suffered as the U.S. beef ban entered its third year. At last, however, the Japanese government announced its decision to lift much of the ban. This allowed the company to launch its first limited sales of its beef bowl by September. While supply shortages continued to hamper the company, it nonetheless was able to resume wider gyudon sales by December 2006. The effect on the companys revenues were dramatic; by the beginning of 2007, the company posted revenue gains of more than 119 percent. Yoshinoya DC had become one of Japans largest and most diversified and restaurant groups, building its empire on a recipe that had been a Japanese favorite for more than 100 years. Agility: Yoshinoya was hit hard, however, by the developing crisis in the global beef industry. The appearance of the first case of so-called mad cow disease in the United States, which was becoming notorious for the suspect nature of its sanitary conditions, prompted the Japanese government to enact a ban on all U.S. beef imports in 2003. Remembering its last ill-fated attempt to alter the ingredients of its famous beef bowl, Yoshinoya adopted an extreme response, announcing that it would simply end sales of its flagship dish until imports resumed. In place of the beef bowl, Yoshinoya rushed to develop new recipes, including chicken- and pork-based bowls. Weaknesses: Global competition with other fast-food chain of restaurants: Other competitive fast food chains such as KFC , Mc Donalds, Subway, Burger King have many restaurants world-wide. Mc Donalds has the largest Market share in the fast food industry. International Marketing Strategy The international marketing of Yoshinoya* and its services needs to improve for its survival.. With the growing numbers competitors branches worldwide, Yoshinoya needs to further expand its international market operations. In terms of competition, one great and possible strategy to do is a possible merger, joint ventures or strategic alliances because by doing this kind of strategy, it will lessen the competition in the market. It should look at localizing its menu and offer discounts and sales. IT should advertise to bring in more franchises to expand further. Keeping pace with changing consumer preferences As a natural process of reaction in the product marketing, the dynamic and diverse consumer preferences and behaviour is the most predicted trend that will affect the marketing strategy. Due to different geographical location, cultural beliefs and practices, lifestyle, health status, and personal indifferences, various segments of the current marketing strategy are subject to possible changes. Yoshinoya, should look at expanding or altering its menu based on the locations and the consumers prefermnces. Also, it should concentrate on low calorie foods as more and more fast food restaurants causes concerns of obesity and health issues. Eating places were forced to stake out a strong identity for themselves and to pay closer attention to consumers, who were becoming increasingly demanding Dependence on American beef for its signature Beef Bowl In late 2001, a domestic mad cow incident critically damaged beef bowl sales. In late 2003, Japan suspended imports of American beef due to a BSE incident in Washington, cutting off Yoshinoyas main source of short plate (fatty beef) that is the main component of its beef bowl. This forced Yoshinoya to terminate gyudon sales in Japan (the first time in its history) on February 11, 2004. News of the removal of this item from Yoshinoyas menu caused its fans and non-fans alike to queue in massive lines at Yoshinoya restaurants all around Japan to taste what might be their last beef bowl for a long time. Yoshinoya then switched to selling butadon (pork don) instead of beef. However, Yoshinoya restaurants in America continue to sell the beef bowl using American short plate, and restaurants in Japan sold a gyÃ…Â « yakiniku don (Yakiniku-style beef bowl). In December 2005, Japan agreed to remove the restriction on importing US beef. A letter to customers was then put up in restaurants promising that the beef bowl would return in a couple months or so. However, in January imports stopped again because inspectors found banned cattle parts in a veal shipment from the U.S. In June 2006, however, Japan lifted the ban on imports, and on July 31, 2006, Yoshinoya reposted the letter promising to bring back the beef bowl in about two months. External Factors for Yoshinoyas planned entry Ethnic food is seen as the basis for innovation in the food industry. Different cuisines and products are emerging on a continual basis, as consumers become more knowledgeable about eating habits in other parts of the world as well as becoming acquainted with foreign cuisines through foreign travel.Apart from formerly being consumed mostly in the evening, ethnic food is now being consumed throughout the day, for example as a lunchtime snack. The repertoire of ethnic food is forecast to widen even further, resulting in continuous increases in sales Chinese food is expected to remain the largest segment within the market for East Asian cuisine, since it has a significant customer base and is quite popular with large sections of population. However apart from Japanese cuisine, growth is expected to be strongest for the Thai and Indian segments, which are becoming increasingly popular. Japanese became a trend cuisine in the mid 1990s with several sushi outlets opening up in major cities. German retail quickly picked up on this trend and started offering Japanese sushi in its chilled cabinets at first in large cities only and then successfully in more rural areas. Today, in rural areas, sushi tends to be accepted very positively.Japanese food has only recently, within the last five to ten years become popular but the range available is still relatively restricted. Yoshinoya provides healthier food when compared to other fast food joints like Mc donalds and KFC.Wagamama is not Japanese cuisine. In fact, there are no Wagamamas in Japan or China so Yoshinoya providing authentic Japanese food is an advantage. Changes within the population have directly affected the development of the food sector. As the number of single households and working women has increased, coupled with an aging population, German societys values have shifted towards focusing more on the quality of life. Todays consumer is more widely travelled and open-minded towards new, exotic cuisines. Risk factors Ineffective risk management within partnership working may lead to poor working relationships and lack of engagement,not realising benefits,community outcomes not achieved against agreed priorities,reputational damage,poor value for money and missed opportunities to secure cashable efficiencies gains and contribute towards sustainability targets. PESTEL analysis: Political Factors The government in Europe is supposed to be politically stable. In recent years, the Government has pursued policies aimed at making Europe more attractive to investors, creating a welcoming environment for foreign investment. It has low labour and transport costs and the introduction of the single market has eliminated exchange rate fluctuations and reduced overall transaction costs. European government is planning to lower corporate tax which will be extremely beneficial. . Denmark badly needs skilled foreign workers, and will change laws to make them welcome. The rise of the newly formed centrist party New Alliance, offers the minority centre-right coalition government a stable partner.encourage entrepreneur and energy reforms, while rejigging the administrative structure of the municipalities. The addition of the conservatives to the coalition suggests a more active foreign policy, including stronger ties with America, but also a mediating role in the EUs strained relations with R ussia.Less belt-tightening will boost the economy, as will increasing integration into west European production and supply chains. The government controls the marketing and licensing of fast food restaurants which makes it important for every company to maintain good relations with the government and benefit from tax reductions. Ireland With the Green Party now in the coalition government, policy will shift slightly towards environmental issues, though the governments overall focus-keeping businesses competitive-wont change. Economic management will be more complicated than during the boom years; spending cuts, for example, may now be required,creating stresses within the government. Economic factors In last few years there has been a financial crisis in the market. Cost of everything has increased due to fall in major investment banks. There have been inflationary pressures due to high energy prices and lack of credit. All this would amount to increase in price of supply chain and goods. The cost of food items has increased as there has been a food crisis. France and Germany have interrelated economies,so selling in both the markets would not yield great results. Yoshinoya import most of its raw material such as beef and potatoes due to local market cannot supply in abundant to meet the demand of its product they need to be aware of global supply and currency exchange. Since the pricing is above normal food pricing Yoshinoya consumers may find it hard to make the buyer agree to the price on offer. Moreover if the economy is bad and income percapita is affected, the demand of Yoshinoya product will certainly going down. Good economy generally means disposable income is more and p eople can spend more on more expensive food . SOCIAL/Cultural Not many people can afford eating out all the time but with the fast food option providing affordable meals people have caught up with increased spending habits.But consumers always also look for value for money and demand quality in services and more conveniences that can differentiate one restaurant from another. There is not much difference between cultural and the purchase of products in a single country but for different countries cultural sensitivity should be upheld. For example in India people (Hindu) do not take beef, Muslim countries do not take pork, German like beers, Finnish like fish type of food menu, Chinese like to associate food with something good (for example prosperity), Asian like rice and Americans eat in big-sized menu. So far Yoshinoya has shown good efforts in localization of its menu to suit local taste but it should constantly survey and learn about local culture to better understand and design the best product for them Technological European online meal solutions prospects by country For a fast food restaurant, technology does not give a very high impact on the company and it is not a significant macro environment variables. Computer ordering (till system) and using technology for production,supply and research reasons is a requirement.Technology implementation can make the management more effective and cost saving in the long term. Environmental factors Yoshinoya should invest more on the environment related issues. They should reduce their dependency on beef dishes as production of beef involves methane gasses coming from the cows ranch causing green house effect. Large scale plantation affects the environment and loss of green forest opening for plantation activities. Vegetarian environmentalist criticizes the fast-food giant for cruelty to animals and slaughtering. Use of plastic is also an issue as millions of people are known to throw away packaging which is hard to recycle. Our world is getting concern on environment issue and business operating here should not just care for profit, but careful usage of world resources for sustainable development and care for environment safety and health for our future generation. Legal factors Legal requirements of a business owner should be to follow stipulated laws such as operating hours, business registration, tax requirement, labor and employment laws and quality environment certification (such as ISO) in which the outlet has been certified. The legal requirement is important because the offenders will be fined or have their business prohibited. b) Country Shortlisting This part addresses why the country Uk was chosen from amongst the 27 other countries belonging to the EU. A 2008 study was conducted worldwide counting the number of fast food restaurants per person.The UK has claimed this title with Australia second and the United States third. England alone accounted for 25% of all fast food. The majority of multinational corporations that are based outside of Europe but have a presence on the continent, establish their European operations in the UK. Decision making global integration vs global responsivenessmulti domestic strategy,the food industry has a weak need to integrate operations across countries because scale economies are highly offset by transportational costs. In Russia,eating out is also becoming increasingly common. A burgeoning middle class is creating a solid customer base and is increasing demand for international foods, with the result that numerous restaurants and cafà ©s are opening or expanding. In France With regard to business and investment, the climate cannot be considered to be very conducive due to lack of fiscal and investment freedom, and freedom from government intervention. Business taxes are also higher compared to other developed countries which acts as a deterrent for investment. In 2004, Germanys share of the ethnic food retail market (by value) within Europe was relatively small (9.2% compared to the UKs 68.8%). Nevertheless, it was the third largest market, following the UK and France (who had 9.7%) In 2006, the Ethnic Food retail market in Europe was worth EUR 4.12 billion. The UK has the largest and most developed market, with sales worth over EUR 2.34 billion. In fact, the UK, France and Germany together account for over 80% of total sales. It notes that countries like Spain and Ireland have much smaller markets, but that sales are on an upward spiral So first establish about 5 stores in uk and 5 in germany check the performance over a year hope to gain from spillover effects where Media helps it to get noticed in nearby countries and the following year expand in markets like Denmark and Netherlands which are in the same region. So the plan suggests that the country selection is also region specific.Northern European countries like england and Denmark andWestern European countrie like Germany and Netherlands Economic stability based on GDP Spain has per capita GDP of UK is $ 34,619 (International Monetary Fund,2009).It is the third largest economy in Europe after Germany and France and the second largest after germany in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. Japanese in Uk Colindale in north London has Oriental City a shopping centre which has the highest footfall of Asian consumers. North West England, Manchester is town with largest population and Aberystwyth largest student town are locations for opening a store. When eating outside the home, Japanese expatriates in the Netherlands most commonly patronise Chinese restaurants (29% of meals eaten out); Japanese restaurants run a close second at 25%, Italian restaurants at 19%, and French restaurants at 10% (Cwiertka 2000, p. 17) Start with 10 stores with centralization,check performance and then shift to decentralization. The strategy for the first three years in Europe should be of Centralization and concentration in big country markets . Part 2 a) Market Entry Strategies Why would Yoshinoya choose franchising? Yoshinoya wants to aggressively expand in the European market.The franchising model will help it expand its operations on a faster scale. Speed of entry Speed of entry can be classified as Aggressive-broad front and aggressive-focused. Yoshinoya must have systematic and dynamic game plan using all of its resources. How will the franchise work? Joint venture will be 50-50. Yoshinoya has had nation wide franchising in the United States offering single franchise and territory arrangements. Having identified a franchisee, NewLook must determine aspects such as franchisee fee and initial investment required to get the venture on road. NewLook can follow the standard industry practice of charging between $30,000 $40,000 per location per year a standard followed by 70% of the franchisors. Additionally, the terms of franchising also need to lay down the amount of royalty that franchisee needs to pay (International Franchise Association, 2010). This figure is a percentage of franchisees gross monthly income and could be set at 4%. Risks of franchising Without having a local presence in Europe, this method results in a great loss of control and supervision over the franchise as the franchisor has no legal entity in Europe. However Wholly owned facilities, at the start would serve as anchors while they build relationships in the host country to support further entry through non-equity modes such as franchising and management service contracts (Bartlett Ghoshal, 2000). So it might prove difficult to build familiarity and relationships in the market, non-equity contractual forms are readily adopted to support the increasing degree of presence. Due to Yoshinoyas present financial condition franchising would be the best option but finding the right franchising partner would be the most important. Exit Strategies Franchisors that they needed to understand that their business would fail, and in fact all businesses are bound for failure. Daniel Hudson Burnham said Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir mens blood. So plan. Plan to profit. Plan to nurture and build. And plan to exit.If Yoshinoya does not get its estimated profit or is in loss, it can exit the market. It is not easy to exit the market as closing franchised stores due to non performing would affect brand image and create stutor among other franchising partners.If a joint venture is established exiting market becomes an easy option as the share can be sold to the partner. Relocation of non profitable stores can be an option. Additionally, once the initial period of uncertainty is over and the payoff (for NewLook) from the venture is more or less stabilized, NewLook may find it advantageous to dissolve the partnership by either acquiring the franchisees interest in the venture or selling its own stake. The price for the t ransfer of ownership interests between two parties should be set in the original contract. To determine the share price, both parties could accept the appraisal of an independent evaluator (Chi, Tailan; McGuire, Donald J, 1996). b)Functional strategies, including product, marketing, and operations decisions. The marketing strategy inviloves 4ps product,price,place and promotion.As yoshinoya is not yet established in the European market they could use Penetrative pricing policy to expand the menu by adding chicken based side orders,sushi,soups and salads.To cut costs,decreasing price should not be an option instead they should reduce the quantity of products.Table service is a good idea.On the other hand having a limited menu, rapid table turnover and employing temporary staff on minimum wage so that pension and health benefits dont have dolled out is a way of cutting costs too. A marketing strategy involves using brand names and other marketing elements.Yoshinoya must look at protecting brand name and patent.In a Franchise system the franchisor does the RD and Marketing while Franchisee does the Production and sales and service. c) Yoshinoyas Organizational Structure Organizational structure shows how management decisions would be taken and the flow. VP (HR) will be reporting to CEO and will be accountable to all HR related operations. Senior VP (marketing and sales) will be reporting to CEO and will be accountable for marketing and sales. CFO will be reporting to the CEO and will be accountable for all financial operations. VP (Operation development) will be reporting to COO and will be in charge for operations and development. Then VP (Investor relation) will be reporting to COO and will be responsible for relations with the investors. VP (public relations) will be responsible for public relations. Special task force would be formed to work in teams to take care for any new stores to be opened or major structural changes to be made in functioning of any stores. Although the organisational structure outlines who reports to whom within the MNE, it does not indicate where decsisions are made within the framework.companies must determine where decisions will be made.The higher the level within the organisation at which decisions are made, the more they are considered to be centralised;the lower the level,the more they are decentralized.whether decision making should be centralized or decentralized can be addressed from the stand point of either the company as a whole or some part of it,such as particular subsidary operation. d)Strategic control system Conclusion It is observed from various analysis made above like PESTLE and SWOT, that Yoshinoya is a brand which needs to expand internationally in order to increase its revenue and to compete with other big brands. References: http://www.swot-pest-porter.co.uk Hollensen, S (2003) Global Marketing: A Decision-Oriented Approach. 3rd ed. Pearson Education Wall, S Rees, B (2004) International Business. FT Prentice Hall. LEE, K CARTER, S (2005) Global Marketing Management. Oxford: OUP Mellenius, H 2007 Market Orientation as a Branding Strategy. Working Paper, department of Business Studies, Uppsala University. Johnston.S, Beaton.H (1998) Foundations of International Marketing, Cengage Learning EMEA http://www.answers.com/topic/yoshinoya-d-c-company-ltd http://www.swot-pest-porter.co.uk/index.php?action=vthreadforum=1topic=5 http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Yoshinoya http://kinnikuman.wikia.com/wiki/Yoshinoya http://www.bignerds.com/papers/8120/Pestle-Mcdonalds/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinoya http://www.scribd.com/doc/2535092/THE-WORLD-IN-FIGURES-2008-COUNTRIES-AZ http://www.scribd.com/doc/510675/COUNTRY-PAGES-2008 http://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/Default.aspx?direction=ascsort=9page=2 http://www.scribd.com/doc/510775/COUNTRY-PAGES-2008 http://www.51lunwen.com/format/lw200907311530516796-2.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_expatriates_in_the_Netherlands http://staterepos.com/ http://www.stuckonstuckeys.com/Fast-food.html http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_viewnewsId=20100122005188newsLang=en http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food http://www.51lunwen.com/agent_upload/lw200907311530516796/Unit%5FGuide%2Edoc http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Fast_food http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/24168/ http://www.answers.com/topic/fast-food Yoshinoya Expands U.S. Restaurant Chain, Opening 99th Location in Escondido http://www.reinholdkeller.com/wissen.html http://portugues.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/?direction=Descsort=9 http://thesissamples.blogspot.com/ http://www.japanupdate.com/?id=9041 http://espanol.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/?direction=Descsort=9 http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/business_spain/section_1.html http://www.franchising.com/pressreleases/14262/ http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-structure.html http://www.luleaquestionnaire.com/eng/ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O39-chaya.html http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Fast_food http://sde.state.nm.us/div/psb/dl10/CLASS/Glossarycomplete8-3-09.doc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_beef_imports_in_Japan http://www.allbusiness.com/business-planning/220919-1.html http://maquette.saonor.fr/kvrdma/yrqw.php?gdnr=size-growth-of-fast-food-restaurants http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/89491195_2.html http://en.wikilib.com/wiki/Fast_Food http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Chaya.html http://results.mindspark.com/redirect.jhtml?qid=0eefbc8aa4c78e5dd3ea934b32150178action=clicksi=p=AJmainss=subptnrS=ZRxdm429TIUSst=hpcb=ZRpg=AJmainord=52searchfor=Popular+Food+in+Colombiatpr=jrel3redirect=AJmain.jhtmlct=RR http://stmichaelbyz.com/qgsrxp/jxmg.php?ysgq=causes-of-fast-food-restaurant-popularity http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/petras/reports/denmark.html